Ku's version basically retained the textual word order and sentence pattern. He omitted the contents that would cause the disturbance of comprehension. For example， during the translation of the Book of Songs， he didn't translate the first poetry， the second place he just simply said poetry instead of translation. Ancient Chinese is very concise. It is not linked up by conjunction between contexts like modern English. So Ku added some phrases or sentences to connect the context to accord with English readers' reading habits， like， 'I understand'. In this way， Ku presented the core meaning of the original to readers.
Ku Hungming quoted famous European writer' words and phrases like Geothe in making explanatory notes， which made The Analects much appealing to western readers. This is a new special translation illustrated by Ku Hungming.
Example 6： 子曰："吾与回信，终日不违如愚。退而省其私，亦足以发。回也不愚。"
Waley： The Master said， I can talk to Yen Hui a whole day without his ever differing from me. One would think he was stupid. But if I enquire into his private conduct when he is not with me I find that it fully demonstrates what I have taught him. No， Hui is by no means stupid.
Ku： Confucius speaking of a favorite disciple whose name was Yen Hui①， remarked， -I have talked with him for one whole day， during which he has never once raised one single objection to what I have said， as if he were dull of understanding. But when he has retired， on examining into his life and conversation I find he has been able to profit by what I have said to him. No-he is not a man full of understanding.
（Note①： Yen Hui， the St. John of the Confucian gospel-a pure， heroic， ideal character， the disciple whom the Master loved. As the name of this disciple occurs very frequently throughout the book， we here depart form our rule of eliminating all Chinese proper names， and shall hereafter always introduce him by name.）
Question or comment to the original text：
Example7： 子曰：君子怀德，小人怀土；君子怀刑，小人怀惠。
Ku： Confucius remarked， "A wise man regards the moral worth of a man； a fool only his position①. A wise man expects justice； a fool only expects favours."
（Note①： We venture to think that there is a palpable misprint here in the text of 土-earth， for position. 位，which has hitherto escaped all Chinese commentators. The old seal characters for the two words are identical； hence the misprint. ）
From the above examples we can tell that the application of note provides useful basic exegetical information， help readers to better understand the original， narrow the gap of culture differences and avoid distraction of readers.
3. Conclusion：
Ku Hung-ming produced a popular English version more readable. Though some places are less precise， Ku introduced Confucius philosopher and traditional Chinese culture to the world with his great enthusiasm and creativity. The translation has been well received both home and abroad thanks to his deep understanding to original works. Arthur Waley's version was faithful to the original. He strived to obtain the cultural heritage of original works and paid attention to every detail. His translation is very suitable for research study. Both Ku and Waley worked hard at trying to convey Confucius abstruse thoughts in intelligible English. In many places of their translations exert their superb translation ability and skills and is well worth for us to study.
References：
[1] Huang Xing-tao， Ku Hung-ming Collection [C]， Hainan Press，1996 （345-353）.
[2] Waley， Arthur， The Analects of Confucius，Foreign Language Teaching and Research
Press （First Edition， September， 1998）
[3] Waley， Arthur and Joseph Roe Allen， eds. The book of songs. Grove Press， 1996.
[4] Venuti， Lawrence. The translator's invisibility [M]， London and New York. Routledge，
1995（20）
[5] Hu Chi-rui. Substitution and Ellipsis-A Study on the Method of Syntactic Reduction
[J][J]. Research in Ancient Chinese Language， 2006， 4： 007.
[6] Minford， John， and Joseph SM Lau， eds. Classical Chinese literature： an anthology of
translations. Vol. 1. Chinese University Press， 2000.
[7] Huang Xingtao， "Wenhua guaijie Gu Hongming [Ku Hung-ming， the Cultural
Eccentric]."Beijing： Zhonghua shuju（1995）.
[8]SHEN， Pei-xin， and Jian-hai DING. "Adaptability Translation Theory and Two English
Versions of The Analects [J]."Journal of Changsha University of Science & Technology （Social Science）4 （2007）： 020.
[9]LIU H， CHENG P， WANG M. A Study of Ku Hongming's English Version of The Analects
from the Perspective of Skopos Theory [J][J]. Journal of Shaoyang University （Social Science Edition）， 2007， 1： 020. (责任编辑：南粤论文中心)转贴于南粤论文中心: http://www.nylw.net(代写代发论文_广州毕业论文代笔_广州职称论文代发_广州论文网）
