Waley：When the Master went to see Nan-tzu， Tzu-lu was not pleased. Whereupon the Master made a solemn declaration concerning his visit， saying， whatsoever I have done amiss， may Heaven avert it， may Heaven avert it！
　　In Ku's version， he translated： 'who was notorious for the irregularities of her life'，stated the reason why Tzu-lu was not pleased. He used the word 'intrepid' to describe the personality of Tzu-lu. Waley didn't translate the overtone. He translated as：'May Heaven avert it， may Heaven avert it！'. It's faithful to the original， but it seemed lack of something. Here '天厌之'was used twice， is an emphasis and an oath of Confucius to express his innocence. So Ku translated it as： 'may God forsake me-may God forsake me for ever！' to deliver its implied meaning. The word '天'， was translated into 'Heaven' by Waley. Waley strived to reflect the traditional Chinese cultural connotation on the basis of preserve the original style. But due to the different linguistic habits， the target readers probably couldn't understand what it really means. Ku translated it into 'God'， which is well known by the west and can be easily understood by target readers.
　　From the above examples， we can see their overall translation styles. Waley lay emphasis on sticking on original form and is semantic translation. Ku is not confined by the source text， take target readers into account. It's not just a mechanical conversion between source language and target language， but it makes the readers to understand the main thoughts of the original text.
　　2.2 Simplification
　　Simplification is a generalization strategy to the source language used by translator to reduce the communication barriers during the process of translation. There are three types of simplification. They are deleting， weakening and shortening. Deleting means to get rid of the redundant. Weakening means to emphasize only the focal point of a message. Shortening means to modify including the avoidance of synonyms and the use of set phrases. The deletion has the highest proportion among the 3 types of simplification， accounting for 60%.
　　Simplification is an important strategy exploited by Ku Hung-ming when translating The Analects of Confucius. At the preface of The Analects of Confucius， Ku also explained his motivation： to dispel the strangeness and weirdness of English readers， as far as possible， get rid of those Chinese proper noun to the greatest extent（Huang Xing-tao，1996：346）.

      Example 2：子华使於齐，冉子为其母请粟。子曰："与之釜。"请益。曰："与之庾。"冉子与之粟五秉。
　　Ku： On one occasion， when a disciple of Confusions was sent on a public mission to a foreign state， he left his mother a home unprovided for. Another disciple then asked Confucius to provide with grain. "Give her，" said Confucius， "so much，" naming a certain quantity. The disciple asked for more. Confucius then named a larger quantity. Finally the disciple gave her a larger quantity than the quantity which Confucius name.
　　Waley： When Kung-hsi Hua was sent on a mission to Ch'i， Master Jan asked that
　　Hua's mother might be granted an allowance of grain. The Master said， Give her a cauldron full. Jan said that was not enough. The Master said， Give her a measure. Master Jan gave her five bundles. The Master said， When Ch'ih went to Ch'i he drove sleek horses and was wrapped in light furs. There is a saying， A gentleman helps out the necessitous； he does not make the rich richer still
　　In ancient China， there are many different measure words used for different utensils. Waley translated them according to Chinese measurement units. But Ku chose to neglect them just simply said： "so much， naming a certain quantity."， "named a larger quantity". The causes of simplification include shared background knowledge， overlapped meaning， adjustment of the force of a message， change of perspective， characteristics of source language， accommodating target language， and rhetoric of target language. Here Ku's purpose of ellipsis of Chinese measurement unit is to accommodate the target readers.
　　For the translation of the many disciples of Confucius， Waley and Ku adopted different methods. Waley adopted transliteration method，for example：有子，Master Yu. The basis of transliteration is "the phonetic substance， in that it is the sound and not the shape of the letter which is translated" （Aziz 2003： 70）.
　　Example 3： 子路、曾皙、冉有、公西华伺坐
　　Waley： Tsze-lu， Tsang Hsi， Zan Yu， and Kunghsi Hwa were sitting by the Master.
　　However， this procedure faces certain problems when translating into English. First of all， transliterating Chinese names into English necessarily implies a certain amount of approximation， because the two languages differ considerably in their phonological and orthographic systems. According to semantic meaning of Chinese name， and phono-semantic methods should be operated from subject's view. Translation proper is also a common procedure with telling names containing additional phono-semantic or similarly connotative properties. (责任编辑：南粤论文中心)转贴于南粤论文中心: http://www.nylw.net(代写代发论文_广州毕业论文代笔_广州职称论文代发_广州论文网）